tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43128613005266100712024-03-13T22:17:24.127-07:00KIMIA [TERMOKIMIA]Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09910680707668387120noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4312861300526610071.post-65900796028523746792012-03-21T02:05:00.002-07:002012-03-21T02:05:38.473-07:00<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Termokimia adalah
cabang dari ilmu kimia yang mempelajari tentang kalor reaksi.<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;">PERISTILAHAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lingkungan adalah bagian lain dari alam semesta
yang berinteraksi dengan sistem.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem adalah bagian dari alam semesta yang
menjadi pusat perhatian .</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/XP/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/XP/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="45" /></a><span style="height: 38px; margin-left: 46px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 45px; z-index: 251658240;"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terbuka </span></div>
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<span style="height: 33px; margin-left: 46px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 45px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/XP/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="45" /></span><span style="height: 2px; margin-left: 46px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/XP/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="36" /></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertutup </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terisolasi </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;">REAKSI</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EKSOTERM adalah reaksi yang membebaskan energi.
</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>DH= H<sub>P</sub>-H<sub>R</sub><0</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>contoh : pembakaran gas alam </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ENDOTERM adalah reaksi yang menyerap energi </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>DH= H<sub>P</sub>-H<sub>R</sub>>0</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>contoh : fotosintesis </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;">ELTALPI</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Merupakan besaran termodinamika yang menyatakan
kandungan kalor zat/sistem </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perubahan entalpi dari suatu reaksi sama dengan
jumlah kalor yang diserap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perubahan entalpi dinyatakan dalam kilojoule
per mol (kJ/mol)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;">PENENTUAN ENTALPI
REAKSI</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengukuran panas reaksi, </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hukum Hess</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dengan data </span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H
ikatan </span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;">PENGUKURAN PANAS
REAKSI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">q kalorimetri ; azaz
black (q <sub>lepas</sub>= q <sub>terima</sub>) </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Q = w c Dt</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">= C DT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suhu naik : Ekso </span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span lang="IN">H</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(-); Suhu turun: Endo, </span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H
(+)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;">HUKUM HESS</span></div>
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<span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>r</sub> hanya bergantung pada keadaan
akhir dan awal, tidak bergantung pada jalannya reaksi, dapat di hitung dengan
empat cara:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Data lengkap </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rumus </span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>r</sub>
=S</span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hf hasil x S</span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hf
reaktan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diagram energi </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diagram siklus </span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DENGAN
DATA </span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H IKATAN </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>r</sub> = </span></b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">∑</span></b><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>ik</sub> putus x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">∑</span></b><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>ik </sub>terbentuk </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">wujud harus gas,
ikatan yang putus dan yang terbentuk harus jelas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BENTUK-BENTUK<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>f</sub> (pembentukan)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>d </sub>(Disosiasi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>c </sub>(Pembakaran)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>n </sub>(Netralisasi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>laten </sub>(Perubahan Wujud)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>s </sub>(Pelarutan)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>ik </sub>(Ikatan)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>r </sub>(Reaksi)</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;">DEFINISI ENTROPI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Entropi ialah fungsi
keadaan baru yang menunjukkan arah proses spontan dan akan bertambah besar
sesuai dengan arah spontanitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sifat-sifat
umum entropi :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara kuantitatif, nilai numerik dari entropi
suatu sistem makroskopik yang berada dalam keadaan termodinamika tertentu
merupakan hasil ukur dari berbagai gerakan momentum yang bisa dilakukan bila
sistem dijaga dalam keadaan termodinamika tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setiap </span><span lang="IN">a</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">perubahan dalam dalam sifat makroskopik,
molekul yang berpindah ke ruang yang lebih besar atau menaikkan kecepatan
molekul akan meningkatkan entropi sistem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Entropi dalam sistem yang teratur memiliki
nilai yang rendah karena molekul-molekulnya hanya menempati posisi tertentu di
dalam ruang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teori
Boltzmann</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Entropi bertambah bila suatu zat padat mencair
atau zat cair menguap dan akan turun bila transisi fasa terjadi dalam arah yang
berlawanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¨<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S<sub>fus</sub> =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q<sub>rev </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>fus </sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T<sub>f</sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T<sub>f </sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Algerian; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Contoh
soal entropi :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hitung perubahan
entropi jika 3,00 mol benzena menguap pada titik didih normalnya yaitu 80,1˚C.
Entropi penguapan molar Benzena pada suhu ini adalah 30,8 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyelesaian :</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1mol benzena
diuapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada suhu 80,1˚C (353,25 K)
adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S<sub>vap</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">H<sub>vap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30.800 J mol<sup>-1 </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>87,2 JK<sup>-1</sup>mol<sup>-1</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><s>T<sub>b<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>353,25 K </s></span><s><span lang="IN"></span></s></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EL" style="mso-ansi-language: EL;">Δ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(3,00 mol)(87,2 JK<sup>-1</sup>MOL<sup>-1</sup>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>262
J K<sup>-1</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09910680707668387120noreply@blogger.com0